Information network- a set of geographically dispersed end systems and a telecommunications network connecting them, providing access to application processes of any of these systems to all network resources and their sharing.

User(User) - information consumer who has gained access to the information network (physical, legal entities(firms, organizations, enterprises)).

Application process(Application Process) is process in a network end system that performs information processing for a specific communications service or application. Thus, a user, when organizing a request for the provision of a particular service, activates a certain application process.

End systems information network:

· terminal systems (Terminal System), providing access to the network and its resources;

· workers systems (Server, Host System), providing network services (controlling access to files, programs, network devices, servicing calls, etc.);

· administrative systems (Management System), implementing management of the network and its individual parts.

Information network resources:

Informational resources- information and knowledge accumulated in all areas of science, culture and society, as well as entertainment industry products. They are systematized in network data banks with which network users interact. These resources determine the consumer value of the information network and must not only be constantly created and expanded, but also updated on time. Outdated data should be dumped into archives. Using the network provides the opportunity to receive up-to-date information exactly when it is needed.

Data processing and storage resources– this is the performance of processors networked computers and storage capacity of storage devices, as well as the time for which they are used.

Software Resources - software, involved in providing services and applications to users, as well as programs for related functions. The latter include: issuing invoices, accounting for payments for services, navigation, searching for information on the Internet, servicing electronic mailboxes, organization of a bridge for teleconferences, conversion of formats of transmitted information messages, cryptographic protection of information (coding and encryption), authentication ( electronic signature documents certifying their authenticity).

Communication Resources– these are resources involved in transporting information and redistributing flows in communication nodes. These include the capacity of communication lines, the switching capabilities of nodes, as well as the time they are occupied during user interaction with the network. They classified according to the type of telecommunication networks:

dial-up resources telephone network public network (PSTN),

· packet switching data network resources,

network resources mobile communications,

· terrestrial broadcasting network resources,

· resources of the integrated service digital network (ISDN), etc.

All listed information network resources shared , i.e. can be used simultaneously by several application processes.

Severability can be either actual or simulated.

The basic component, the core of the information network, is telecommunications network(TN - Telecommunication Network), which is totality technical means, ensuring the transmission and distribution of information flows during the interaction of remote objects.

Deleted objects:

· terminal systems of information networks

· separate local and territorial networks.

Telecommunication networks are usually assessed side by side indicators, reflecting in general the possibility and efficiency of transporting information in them.

Opportunity transfer of information in a telecommunications network is related to the degree of its performance in time, i.e., performing specified functions

· in the prescribed amount

at the required quality level

· during a certain period of network operation or at an arbitrary point in time.

Performance networks is related to the concepts reliability And survivability.

Reliability- the ability to provide communication while maintaining the values ​​of established quality indicators over time under specified operating conditions. (Internal influencing factors– random failures of technical equipment caused by aging processes, manufacturing technology defects or maintenance personnel errors).

Indicators reliability, for example:

· the ratio of the network uptime to the total operating time,

number of possible independent ways of transmitting an information message between a pair of points,

· probability of failure-free communication, etc.

Vitality - ability to maintain full or partial functionality during action reasons, hiding offline and leading to destruction or significant damage to some of its elements (points and communication lines). Possible reasons:

· spontaneous

§ earthquake, landslides, river floods, etc.

· intentional. to deliberate

§ enemy nuclear missile strikes, sabotage actions, terrorism, unscrupulous competition, etc.

Survivability indicators:

· the probability that a limited amount of information can be transmitted between any pair (a given pair) of network points after exposure to damaging factors;

· the minimum number of points, lines (or both) of the network, the failure of which leads to a disconnected network for an arbitrary pair of points;

· the average number of points that remain connected when several communication lines are damaged simultaneously.

Bandwidth. In cases where the network cannot service (implement) the imposed load, it makes sense to talk about the volume of realized load in the network.

The amount of realized load is determined by the capacity of the communication network. In some cases, throughput can be quantified. For example, you can estimate the maximum information flow that can be passed between a certain pair of points (source-sink), or determine the capacity of the network section that is the bottleneck when dividing the network between the source and sink into two parts.

Grade bandwidth is largely related to the parameters quality of service , since the implementation of the presented load in the network must be carried out with the specified quality parameters.

Quality of service We will understand it as a set of characteristics that determine the degree of satisfaction of the network user:

· network operational characteristics (information transfer speed, probability of errors, etc.),

indicators of ease of use of services,

· completeness of services (these indicators are usually assessed in points), etc.

Profitability and cost. A telecommunications network is profitable if the costs of organizing it and ensuring its operation are repaid by the economic effect that the services provided to users with its help provide. The main economic characteristics of the communication network are reduced costs(social costs), which are determined by the cost of the network, the cost of its operation and management.

Fixed and variable expenses.

Explicit and implicit costs.

An information network is a network that is designed for processing, storing and transmitting data.

The structure of the information network is presented in Fig. 1-1. The classical structure of an information network consists of two main components: subscriber systems (A - E) and the switching network connecting them. In addition, one or more administrative systems operate on the network.

Rice. 1.1 Information network structure

Administrative systems are designed to manage the functioning of the information network. Therefore, such systems are sometimes called control centers.

If an information network connects open systems, it is commonly called an open information network. Based on one communication network, you can create a group of virtual networks, i.e. such networks, the characteristics of which are mainly determined by its software. Virtual networks are presented to its subscribers in a completely different way than their physical essence and structure. In this case, a subscriber means a device, a legal entity or an individual, interacting with a system or network. In some cases, instead of the term “subscriber” the term “user” is used.

Information networks divided into heterogeneous and homogeneous.

A heterogeneous network is a network in which the systems of different representative companies operate. A network with systems of the same type is called a homogeneous network.

Depending on the distance between subscriber systems, information networks are divided into three types: territorial, local and mixed networks. Territorial networks are information networks whose systems are located in different parts of a region, country, continent, or globe. Local networks are information networks located inside a circle with a diameter of about 50 km.

Information networks owned by the state are called public networks. Information networks that are created by firms, concerns, and associations are called private.

In accordance with the model used, the network can have: a terminal-host computer architecture, a client-server architecture and a peer-to-peer architecture, in which the resources of the information network are dispersed across all subscriber systems.

Most information networks are universal. However, there are many specialized networks, for example, the library network, banking network, Hermes network, SWIFT network.

Information networks are designed to provide users with services related to the exchange of information, its consumption, as well as processing, storage and accumulation. An information consumer who has gained access to an information network becomes its user (User). Users can be: individuals, and legal (firms, organizations, enterprises). In general, by information network we mean a set of geographically dispersed end systems and a telecommunications network connecting them, providing access to application processes of any of these systems to all network resources and their sharing.

Application Process is process in a network end system that performs information processing for a specific communications service or application. Thus, a user, when organizing a request for the provision of a particular service, activates a certain application process.

Information network end systems can be classified as:

terminal systems (Terminal System), providing access to the network and its resources;

working systems (Server, Host System), providing network services (controlling access to files, programs, network devices, servicing calls, etc.);

· administrative systems (Management System), implementing management of the network and its individual parts.

Information network resources are divided into informational, resources data processing and storage, software, communication resource s. Information resources represent information and knowledge accumulated in all areas of science, culture and society, as well as products of the entertainment industry. All this is systematized in network data banks with which network users interact. These resources determine the consumer value of the information network and must not only be constantly created and expanded, but also updated on time. Outdated data should be dumped into archives. Using the network provides the opportunity to receive up-to-date information exactly when it is needed. Data processing and storage resources are the performance of network computer processors and the memory capacity of their storage devices, as well as the time during which they are used. Software resources are software involved in providing services and applications to users, as well as programs for related functions. The latter include: issuing invoices, accounting for payments for services, navigation (ensuring information search on the network), maintaining network electronic mailboxes, organizing a bridge for teleconferences, converting the formats of transmitted information messages, cryptoprotection of information (encoding and encryption), authentication (electronic signature of documents certifying their authenticity).

Communication resources are resources involved in transporting information and redistributing flows in communication nodes. These include the capacity of communication lines, the switching capabilities of nodes, as well as the time they are occupied during user interaction with the network. They are classified according to the type of telecommunication networks: public switched telephone network (PSTN) resources, packet data network resources, mobile network resources, terrestrial broadcast network resources, integrated services digital network (ISDN) resources, etc.

All listed resources of the information network are shared, i.e. they can be used simultaneously by several application processes.

Separability in this case can be either actual or simulated.

The basic component, the core of the information network, is telecommunications network. Let us clarify this concept when considering it within the framework of an information network.

The TN (Telecommunication Network) telecommunication network is a set of technical means that ensure the transmission and distribution of information flows during the interaction of remote objects.

Both end systems of information networks and individual local and territorial networks can act as remote objects.

Telecommunication networks are usually assessed by a number of indicators that generally reflect the possibility and efficiency of transporting information in them. The ability to transmit information in a telecommunications network is related to the degree of its operability over time, i.e., the performance of specified functions in a specified volume at the required level of quality during a certain period of operation of the network or at an arbitrary point in time. Network health is related to the concepts reliability And survivability. The differences between these concepts are due primarily to differences in the causes and factors that violate normal work network, and the nature of the violations.

Reliability A communication network is characterized by its ability to provide communication while maintaining over time the values ​​of established quality indicators under given operating conditions. It reflects the influence on network performance mainly of internal factors - random failures of technical equipment caused by aging processes, defects in manufacturing technology or errors of maintenance personnel.

Reliability indicators are, for example, the ratio of the network's uptime to the total time of its operation, the number of possible independent paths for transmitting an information message between a pair of points, the probability of failure-free communication, etc.

Vitality a communication network characterizes its ability to maintain full or partial operability under the influence of causes that lie outside the network and lead to destruction or significant damage to some of its elements (points and communication lines). Such reasons can be divided into two classes: spontaneous and intentional. Natural factors include such as earthquakes, landslides, river floods, etc., and deliberate factors include enemy nuclear missile strikes, sabotage actions, etc.

Indicators of survivability can be: the probability that a limited amount of information can be transmitted between any pair (a given pair) of network points after exposure to damaging factors; the minimum number of points, lines (or both) of the network, the failure of which leads to an incoherent network for an arbitrary pair of points; the average number of points that remain connected when several communication lines are damaged simultaneously.

Bandwidth. In cases where the network cannot service (implement) the imposed load, it makes sense to talk about the volume of realized load in the network.

The amount of realized load is determined by the capacity of the communication network. In some cases, throughput can be quantified. For example, you can estimate the maximum information flow that can be passed between a certain pair of points (source-sink), or determine the capacity of the network section that is the bottleneck when dividing the network between the source and sink into two parts.

Bandwidth assessment is largely related to parameters quality of service , since the implementation of the presented load in the network must be carried out with the specified quality parameters.

We will understand quality of service as a set of characteristics that determine the degree of satisfaction of a network user. These characteristics include the operational characteristics of the network (information transfer speed, probability of errors, etc.), indicators of ease of use of services, completeness of services (these indicators are usually assessed in points), etc.

Profitability and cost. A telecommunications network is profitable if the costs of organizing it and ensuring its operation are repaid by the economic effect that the services provided to users with its help provide. The main economic characteristics of the communication network are reduced costs(social costs), which are determined by the cost of the network, the cost of its operation and management.

The concept " information network"(as opposed to the concept of "telecommunications network") is more capacious and reflects the diversity of information processes performed on the network when end systems interact through a telecommunications network. The telecommunications network, therefore, as part of the information network performs the functions transport system, through which flows of user and service information generated by information processes are moved.

In general, under information network How physical object should be understood a set of geographically dispersed end systems united by a telecommunications network, through which the interaction of application processes activated in the end systems and their collective access to network resources is ensured.

All intellectual work in the information network, as we see (see Fig. 3), is performed on the periphery, i.e. in the end systems of the network, and the telecommunications network, although it occupies a central position, is only a connecting component. an information network, in essence, is smart add-on over the telecommunications network through which users(Users) are provided with mechanisms for processing information, effectively searching for it anywhere on the network and at any time, as well as the ability to accumulate and store it.

So, the concept of “information network” in our case indicates a shift in the focus of attention when studying or researching an information and communication network towards information processes that arise in the network during the interaction of end systems through a telecommunication network. The description of this interaction demonstrates the complexity of building a communication architecture in a network (communication architecture is discussed in detail later in the lecture course).

Information processes online can be divided into two groups. The first of these includes application processes (ApplicationProcesses). They occupy a dominant position in the network. Application processes are initiated when user programs called applications(Applications). All other processes in the network (determining formats for presenting information for transmission over the network, establishing data transfer modes, promotion routes, etc.) are auxiliary and are intended to serve application processes. They form a group of so-called interaction processes (InterworkingProcesses). Application and interaction processes are supported network operating systems(SOS).

Figure 3. Information network

Information network end systems

Information network end systems can be classified as:

terminal systems(TerminalSystem) – computers of end users of the network;

hosting systems(HostSystem) – computers on which information and software resources of the network are located;

servers ( Servers ) – computers that can provide network services. For example, managing access to information resources and shared devices, registering users and monitoring their access rights to the network, servicing calls, etc. Servers, depending on their capabilities operating systems, can operate both in host mode (information servers) and in network communication device mode;

administrative systems(ManagementSystem) – computers and devices that provide operational management applications for the network and its individual parts.

NOTE. Since computers act as end systems of an information network, it is also called a “computer network.” The telecommunications network is classified as a “data transmission network” (the previously used classification according to the type of information transmitted).

INFORMATION NETWORK INFORMATION NETWORK, a set of interacting automatic systems information processing (mainly computers), united by data transmission channels. There are local (operating within an enterprise, organization, economy) and territorial (covering regions, countries, continents) information networks.

Modern encyclopedia. 2000 .

See what "INFORMATION NETWORK" is in other dictionaries:

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information network Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

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environmental information network- — EN environmental information network A system of interrelated persons and devices linked to permit the exchange of data or knowledge concerning natural resources, human health and … Technical Translator's Guide

development support information network- - [E.S. Alekseev, A.A. Myachev. English Russian Dictionary in computer systems engineering. Moscow 1993] Topics information Technology in general EN development information networkDEVNET … Technical Translator's Guide

Books

• The existential status of number and the universal information network. Experience of rethinking the concept of number and the subject of mathematics, Viktor Kudrin. The subject of the work is the experience of rethinking the concept of number and the foundations of mathematics, carried out in 1920–1930 by A.F. Losev. According to Losev, mathematics should not be limited to the world...
• Small business information system from scratch. The most necessary things, Senkevich Gleb Evgenievich. It is shown how to create and maintain “from scratch” on your own information system small enterprise. Planning and optimization of costs for information support,…